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blockchain business vulnerabilities

Blockchain security isn’t bullet-proof. Here’s how to not get hacked.

  • min read
    • According to a PwC survey (of 600 business executives in 15 countries,) 84 percent of respondents are actively involved with blockchain. Blockchain is just one example of a distributed ledger technology (DLT), a digital system for recording the transaction of assets (money or data) without a central data store or admin functionality. More companies are turning to DLTs like blockchain to help streamline their business, improve data transparency and reduce operational costs. From smart contracts that automate secure payments to managing customer interactions, blockchain can improve how we do business. But, like any emerging technology, new risks and vulnerabilities can cause damage. We'll get into that, but first, an important distinction. Public vs. private distributed ledgers Public ledgers mean an open network which anyone can join and contribute to. They work best for cryptocurrencies, due to anonymity features and allowing transactions across borders. Then there are private or enterprise DLTs. These identify and authorize users and determine their roles. Data is encrypted and only authorized users can operate it. Read more about both here. Let's explore private DLTs, which more companies are using for their benefits, from accelerated workflows to authenticating data. Joint ventures on blockchain DLTs are great for joint ventures – notably because they act as both a registry and a financial database for payments and transactions between partners, which are logged and approved by all participants on the blockchain. It's a trusted, transparent system – everyone authorized has access to data and knows how it's logged. Essential features are decentralization (for data transparency and trust), scalability (which enables adding new participants to the network) and the use of smart contracts. But centralization can create a security risk. Blockchain data is trusted when it's distributed, so the more nodes (those who have access to the blockchain system, either computer programs or authorized users) that can approve transactions, the more you can trust the data. That's why deploying blockchain within a single company or organization to secure data doesn't make much sense as "consensus" comes from a sole authority. Why one of the most successful enterprise blockchain platforms isn't as secure as you think One of the best known enterprise-grade platforms, Hyperledger Fabric, creates consensus using a permission voting algorithm. But how secure is it? Once the majority of nodes in the blockchain validate the transaction, we reach consensus and finality (a new block or sequence is added to the ledger.) Hyperledger Fabric provides channels – isolated "subnets" of data exchange between specific network members. It's useful for industrial and manufacturing scenarios where a blockchain may include potential competitors. The separate channels in Hyperledger Fabric can prevent data from being accessible to participants from outside of a designated channel. But the consensus mechanism could be misconfigured – this might happen at design and deployment stages, often revealed too late to fix easily because, for users, everything seems to be working fine. Then it can't validate nodes, even for transactions involving many participants across several channels. As a result, the consensus is limited to validators of a single channel who confirm adding the transaction to the blockchain. Beware of blockchain after a cyberattack Beware hacked user accounts. During a cyberattack, data could be tampered with and then submitted to the blockchain. For example, let's say a user is attacked while approving commercial purchase agreements in a joint venture, further executed by a smart contract. If the attacker gets access to the contract, they can tamper with the supplier's bank account and amount in the contract. The "correct" agreement will then trigger execution of a smart contract, meaning some or all of the money goes to the attacker. Due to blockchain's inherent immutability (i.e. it can't be changed), it's going to be very difficult (and expensive) to fix the incorrect data. What's more, if this data gets into smart contracts, the issue will snowball and subsequently cause big problems. In this purchase agreement example, to fix the incorrect transaction, payment needs to be reconciled. But that's not simple. They can try to stop and revert a bank transaction, but blockchain can't undo its immutable records. It will store information that a certain company (blockchain participant) has paid, whereas the supplier has not received the funds. It's a double loss: companies spent a fortune on the blockchain solution, then get their money stolen. Blockchain risks for large enterprises and corporate groups Similar blockchain technologies are used for transactions between banks or groups of banks. As the technologies are the same, they have the same vulnerabilities. This opens wide opportunities for an attacker: having performed a successful attack on one bank, they're more likely to be more successful and quicker with the same attack on another member of the group. If just one vulnerability of a single participant is exploited on the blockchain, there's a huge cybersecurity risk for other participants on the same system, running the risk of a mass leak of sensitive financial or private data across a group. Blockchain can cause a bottleneck Blockchain is designed for transactions, so it works well for trading and integrates with financial systems to support the supply of goods, automated pricing and using smart contracts to execute financial transactions. Smooth running in good times. But blockchain could also be a bottleneck. Lots of transactions are processed simultaneously, which a good platform should process rapidly. But if the system can't handle the load, it can fail. Getting blockchain right for your business There's no "one size fits all" with blockchain. Right now, given DLTs nascent maturity, it's difficult to know how well any individual solution will perform. It's unlikely we'll soon see a solution that works perfectly straight out of the box. You'll need to invest in customization to create the right process for your business needs. These steps can help plan your best-fit blockchain strategy. The right tools for the job Consider the process you want blockchain to automate. It should be iterative, involve many parties, and it shouldn't include data that needs to be modified or deleted. If it doesn't fit these criteria, blockchain and DLT isn't the right tech. Start the journey with small steps So you decide to launch on blockchain. Like other big IT projects, plan the rollout in stages to test and fine-tune. Keep in mind that DLT is most powerful at handling large-scale processes. You may not get immediate cost savings from a solution for one department, even if it works smoothly, but you can start small to test how it works. Then take the next step – scale to counterparties working with that department. Then get bigger by adding external suppliers. Even with blockchain, you still need to pay attention to cybersecurity Blockchain is more secure than many other enterprise data solutions, but it's not bullet-proof to cyberattacks. You'll need an endpoint cybersecurity solution on all corporate devices accessing the blockchain, which should be assessed with a third-party cybersecurity provider. Audit your smart contracts. A vulnerable or inconsistent contract may lead to an expensive problem to fix down the line. By deploying blockchain, you're establishing a new IT infrastructure in your organization. A vulnerability could lead to an attack and penetration of your corporate network. So new software and servers need protecting. Always use firewalls and install server cybersecurity tools to run scans, encrypt data and renew licenses. Finally, run a penetration test to reveal weak spots. All parties in your blockchain must apply the same level of security. Agree on common security policies with participants; it may be tricky due to different security practices but otherwise, your data and systems are at risk. There's no doubt; blockchain will revolutionize how companies collaborate for the better. But as with most new techs, pay attention to how you can best protect your data.
permissioned blockchain

Smart contracts for smart choices: Blockchain’s automation will transform business decisions

  • min read
    • Over the years, decision-making in business has evolved to a state of (relatively speaking) simplicity: whoever holds top rank in the hierarchy usually makes decisions. Whether that's the CEO outlining the growth strategy, or a project manager making a snap call on buying components for an engineering build. But, with the arrival of blockchain, things are about to change. First, let's define blockchain Imagine the blockchain as a register book (for example, a ledger): Pages (blocks) in the book are numbered, and it's published in many copies so everyone can read it. Just as you can't remove or modify a page without people noticing, the blockchain's records are immutable (they can't be changed or tampered with.) Like a book, the blockchain is replicated and stored in many places at the same time; no single authority can control all the copies or convince people of a fake version of the truth. The only way to add new information to the blockchain (a transaction) is by adding it to the end and sending the update to all owners of the copies. Three features define blockchain: it's distributed, uses cryptographic hashing (secure protection for every transaction to protect the data from being tampered with) and has no single authority. And two elements underpin the system: First is consensus protocol; this ensures all participants agree on adding new data on a transaction on the blockchain so that data can be trusted without the need for intermediaries or providers. Second, is smart contracts. Smart contracts mean automated decision-making in business Smart contracts are also known as cryptocontracts; they're specific blocks of data on the blockchain that control the transfer of assets between parties under a predefined condition. The conditions can be defined by blockchain participants much like they would a traditional agreement. This agreement is pre-determined by two or more parties on the blockchain system, as defined by the consensus protocol. Smart contracts can facilitate, verify and enforce the outcomes of that agreement if terms and conditions are met. Whether it's money, shares or property, smart contracts can make transactions automatically, operating on trusted data and eliminating the need for a third party. No more expensive contract lawyers. Sounds good, right? Indeed, yes, but there are some challenges. Automated decision-making – the blockchain effect One of the main benefits of blockchain systems is automation. Smart contracts have the power to make decisions in place of humans. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) establishes a new model for decision making, independent from a company's governance. It can do this because it operates trusted data, doesn't need intermediaries to confirm the authenticity and can efficiently check all required conditions before taking action. It's deprived of preferences, inclinations, uncertainty and other human attributes. This changes how business decisions are made; there are pros and cons. An example might be a payment reconciliation process – which would be directed by a manager and delivered by an accountant. By using a blockchain-based payment system, this process is redundant. Since DLT keeps track of records of all payments, reconciliation can be done in an instant by any blockchain participant. But suppose you want to delay purchasing a package for a couple of days while you wait for the supplier's payment. Big news: blockchain doesn't delay; you can't stop if purchasing criteria decisions are met. So the next morning you get to work, the smart contract has been executed, paid for the purchase and arranged the delivery overnight. We must ask – who's responsible for blockchain decisions? Or, more fundamentally, is blockchain right for your business if you can't regain control? Blockchain can make far-reaching business decisions There may be significant consequences for businesses that don't implement blockchain properly, like a logistics company dispatching vital medicine to a patient. The patient has paid for the medicine and the transaction has been processed. But the system, and its smart contracts, have the final say on whether the item is dispatched. Even though the receiver made the payment, the smart contract might not process the order. So the medicine would not be dispatched and the patient could be at risk. Whatever the reason, this prevents transactions from reaching consensus and recording on the blockchain, breaking the entire delivery process. In this example, humans' lives depends on automated decisions. To prevent this, you need to allow a degree of manual control over the system. How to safely launch a blockchain automation process Automation is a prominent feature of blockchain technology which will, over time, lead to smoother operations. But you need to put steps in place to protect your business. First, choosing the right process for blockchain is very important. Think about a business process that's iterative and transactional, for example, procurement. Once you've decided on the right process, it's vital to distribute permissions across many trusted participants. If just one or two people have access to authorize and change data, the benefits of the distributed ledger as a trusted source are negligible. I recommend starting with a small scale test or pilot first. By starting small, you can gradually evolve the system and introduce more nodes (those who have access to the blockchain system, either computer programs or authorized users) and smart contracts. This gives you power over the blockchain's development and keeps your business's processes under control. Blockchain's automation will streamline processes, save you money and make transactions safer and more reliable. But before you start, decide how to set up your blockchain system to work securely and reliably. And these critical decisions are best made by humans alone.
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